Tim Brunson DCH

Welcome to The International Hypnosis Research Institute Web site. Our intention is to support and promote the further worldwide integration of comprehensive evidence-based research and clinical hypnotherapy with mainstream mental health, medicine, and coaching. We do so by disseminating, supporting, and conducting research, providing professional level education, advocating increased level of practitioner competency, and supporting the viability and success of clinical practitioners. Although currently over 80% of our membership is comprised of mental health practitioners, we fully recognize the role, support, involvement, and needs of those in the medical and coaching fields. This site is not intended as a source of medical or psychological advice. Tim Brunson, PhD

Reevaluating the potency of the memory conformity effect.



Witnesses sometimes report event details that are acquired solely from another witness. We reevaluated the potency of this memory conformity effect. After viewing a crime video, some participants learned about nonwitnessed details via discussion (dyad group), reading another participant's report (read group), or watching another version of the video (both-video group). In Experiment 1, these participants often reported nonwitnessed details, but on a source-judgment test most details were attributed primarily to the actual source rather than to the video. In addition, the dyad group was not more likely than the read or both-video groups to report nonwitnessed details. Participants in Experiment 2 were explicitly discouraged from providing details that were remembered from the secondary source only. These postwarning instructions substantially reduced the memory conformity effect, and a dyad group was not more likely than a read group to report nonwitnessed details. Encouraging source monitoring at test can reduce the negative consequences of co-witness collaboration.

Bodner GE, Musch E, Azad T. Mem Cognit. 2009 Dec;37(8):1069-76. Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. bodner@ucalgary.ca

Effects of Music Therapy on Psychological Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Patients...



Full Title Effects of Music Therapy on Psychological Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Dementia. A Pilot Study.

We assessed the effects of music therapy (MT) on behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) in dementia associated with changes in physiological parameters, as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to MT treatment or standard care; all patients underwent neuropsychological assessment and ECG Holter recordings before and after the 15-week treatment. The treatment included 30 MT sessions. Depression significantly decreased (p=0.021) in the MT group. PNN50 improved in 50% patients of the MT group, but in none of the control group (p=0.013). MT may improve symptoms of depression and increase HRV in demented patients.

Raglio A, Oasi O, Gianotti M, Manzoni V, Bolis S, Ubezio MC, Gentile S, Villani D, Stramba-Badiale M. Curr Aging Sci. 2010 Jul 5. Sospiro Foundation, Piazza Libertà, 2 - 26048 Sospiro, Cremona, Italy. raglioa@tin.it.

Psychogenic paralysis and recovery after motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation.



Psychogenic paralysis presents a real treatment challenge. Despite psychotherapy, physiotherapy, antidepressants, acupuncture, or hypnosis, the outcome is not always satisfactory with persistent symptoms after long-term follow-up. We conducted a retrospective study to assess clinical features and to propose an alternative treatment based on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Seventy patients (44 F/26 M, mean age: 24.7 +/- 16.6 years) experienced paraparesis (57%), monoparesis (37%), tetraparesis (3%), or hemiparesis (3%). A precipitating event was observed in 42 patients, primarily as a psychosocial event or a physical injury. An average of 30 stimuli over the motor cortex contralateral to the corresponding paralysis was delivered at low frequency with a circular coil. The rTMS was effective in 89% of cases, with a significantly better outcome for acute rather than chronic symptoms. In conclusion, motor cortex rTMS seem to be very effective in patients with psychogenic paralysis and could be considered a useful therapeutic option.

Mov Disord. 2010 Jul 30;25(10):1501-4. Chastan N, Parain D. Department of Neurophysiology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France. nathalie.chastan@chu-rouen.fr

Autogenic EMG-controlled functional electrical stimulation for ankle dorsiflexion control.



Our objectives were to develop and test a new system for the potential for stable, real-time cancellation of residual stimulation artefacts (RSA) using surface electrode autogenic electromyography-controlled functional electrical stimulator (aEMGcFES). This type of closed-loop FES could be used to provide more natural, continuous control of lower extremity paretic muscles. We built upon work that has been done in the field of FES with one major technological innovation, an adaptive Gram-Schmidt filtering algorithm, which allowed us to digitally cancel RSA in real-time. This filtering algorithm resulted in a stable real-time estimation of the volitional intent of the stimulated muscle, which then acted as the direct signal for continuously controlling homonymous muscle stimulation. As a first step toward clinical application, we tested the viability of our aEMGcFES system to continuously control ankle dorsiflexion in a healthy subject. Our results indicate positively that an aEMGcFES device with adaptive filtering can respond proportionally to voluntary EMG and activate forceful movements to assist dorsiflexion during controlled isometric activation at the ankle. We also verified that normal ankle joint range of movement could be maintained while using the aEMGcFES system. We suggest that real-time cancellation of both primary and RSA is possible with surface electrode aEMGcFES in healthy subjects and shows promising potential for future clinical application to gait pathologies such as drop foot related to hemiparetic stroke.

Yeom H, Chang YH. J Neurosci Methods. 2010 Aug 14. Dept. of Medical Engineering, Eulji University, Sungnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea; School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Children's eyewitness memory for multiple real-life events.



The present research examined the influence of prior knowledge on children's free recall, cued recall, recognition memory, and source memory judgments for a series of similar real-life events. Forty children (5-12 years old) attended 4 thematic birthday parties and were later interviewed about the events that transpired during the parties using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development protocol. Of the events, half were generic in that they could have occurred at any birthday party, and half were specific to the theme of the party. Older children demonstrated more evidence of using gist-based information to guide their memory performance than did younger children. However, younger children were able to use global gist to inform their source memory judgments, qualifying past word-learning research.

Child Dev. 2009 Nov-Dec;80(6):1877-90. Odegard TN, Cooper CM, Lampinen JM, Reyna VF, Brainerd CJ. Department of Psychology, Box 19528, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0528, USA. odegard@uta.edu

Laura King, CHT, NLP



Mrs. King is director and founder of Summit Dynamics, LCC and is a certified hypnotist and certified sport hypnotist. A student of human excellence and positive behavior modification for over 25 years, Laura was trained at the Omni Hypnosis Training Center and the Don Mottin Sports Hypnosis Training Center, and received her NLP training from Dr. William Horton. She also spent over two decades studying with her mentor, Dorothy Gates, Ph.D., internationally recognized authority on child and adult development.

Sought out by Olympians, leading edge CEO's, professional athletes, prominent physicians, award-winning trainers and parents, Laura Boynton King teaches individuals how to utilize their minds to make lasting changes in both their performance and lives. A popular speaker and admired life coach, Laura has published over 150 CDs and workbooks covering topics such as stress management, peak performance, public speaking, overcoming illness and much more.

For more information, please visit her website at: http://www.lauraking.net/

Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: a narrative review for the chiropractor.



OBJECTIVE: To familiarize the chiropractic clinician with the clinical presentation, radiographic features, and conservative versus surgical treatment options for managing femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. BACKGROUND: FAI syndrome is a relatively new clinical entity to be described in orthopedics, and has been strongly linked with pain and early osteoarthritis of the hip in young adults. Hip joint radiographs in these patients often appear normal at first-particularly if the clinician is unfamiliar with FAI. The role of conservative therapy in managing this disorder is questionable. Surgical treatment ultimately addresses any acetabular labral or articular cartilage damage, as well as the underlying osseous abnormalities associated with FAI. The most commonly used approach is open surgical hip dislocation; however, more recent surgical procedures also involve arthroscopy. CONCLUSION: In FAI syndrome-a condition unknown to many clinicians (including medical)-chiropractors can play an important role in its diagnosis and referral for appropriate management.

J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2010 Sep;54(3):164-76. Emary P. Private practice: Parkway Back Clinic, 201C Preston Parkway, Cambridge, Ontario, N3H 5E8.

Trigeminal neuralgia and chiropractic care: a case report.



The following case describes a 68 year-old woman with a 7(1/2) year history of worsening head and neck pain diagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia following surgical resection of a brain tumor. After years of unsuccessful management with medication and physical therapies, a therapeutic trial of chiropractic was carried out. Chiropractic care included ultrasound, manual therapies (manipulation and mobilization), soft tissue therapies, and home stretching exercises.

After an initial treatment period followed by 18 months of supportive care the patient reported satisfactory improvement. It became evident that there were at least three sources of her symptoms: mechanical and/or degenerative neck pain, temporomandibular joint syndrome, and trigeminal neuralgia. While never completely pain-free, the patient continued to report that her pains reduced to minimal at times. At the most recent follow-up, the pain had not returned to pre-treatment intractable levels. This case study demonstrates the importance of diagnosing and treating multiple sources of pain and the positive role chiropractic care can have in the management of patients with these clinical conditions. The potential for convergence of sensory input from the upper three cervical segments and the trigeminal nerve via the trigeminocervical nucleus is discussed.

J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2010 Sep;54(3):177-86. Rodine RJ, Aker P. Graduate Student, Graduate Education and Research Programs Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario Private Practice, Smiths Falls, Ontario.

Hypnosis - Convincer Technique for Hypnotic Induction

Adolescent biological maturity and physical activity: biology meets behavior.



The decline in physical activity (PA) across adolescence is well established but influence of biological maturity on the process has been largely overlooked. This paper reviews the limited number of studies which examine the relationship between timing of biological maturity and PA. Results are generally inconsistent among studies. Other health-related behaviors are also considered in an effort to highlight the complexity of relationships between biological maturation and behavior and to provide future research directions.

Sherar LB, Cumming SP, Eisenmann JC, Baxter-Jones A DG, Malina RM. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2010 Aug;22(3):332-49. College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Use of complementary therapies by mothers in their children: .....



Full Title Use of complementary therapies by mothers in their children: study at an university hospital Article in Portuguese

The objective of this article is to evaluate the use of complementary therapies by mothers in their children. A cross-sectional and descriptive study with 202 mothers of children that attended an University Hospital were interviewed. The variables analyzed were: use of complementary therapies/reasons, therapies used its purpose, effects, doctor's revelation/reasons and doctor's reaction. The prevalence of complementary therapies use was of 87.6%. Among the 177 mothers that used complementary therapies, many mentioned more than one kind, as follow: teas (72.8%), blessings (41%), sympathies (12.9%), homemade remedies/syrups (8.4%), prayer/promises (7.4%), homeopathy (4.0%), spiritual/parapsychological treatment (4.0%), mixture of unknown substances/"garrafada" (bottled) (3%), massage (2%) and reiki/floral (1.5%). The most used herbs were anise (16.7%), chamomile (14.8%) and mint (10.9%); 57.6% of the mothers did not inform its use to the doctor. Out of 499 treatments employed, there was a perception of improvement in 429 (86%) and 2 reports of adverse effects. The prevalence of complementary therapies utilization was high, being teas the most utilized therapy and anise, chamomile and mint the most used herbs. There was perception of improvement in most of the used therapies.

Gentil LB, Robles AC, Grosseman S. Cien Saude Colet. 2010 Jun;15 Suppl 1:1293-9. Prefeitura Municipal de Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, SC, Brazil. luizagentil@gmail.com

Kevin Stone, BCH



Kevin Stone is a Master Hypnotist and a Board-Certified Hypnotherapist. Kevin's world-famous hypnotherapy clinic in Los Angeles helps hundreds of people daily to improve their lifestyles for the better. Kevin Stone travels worldwide presenting the funniest full-audience participation live comedy stage hypnosis show in America today. He performs at major theme parks, fairs, conventions, colleges and corporate events. He offers top-notch quality, value, and showmanship in entertainment.

For more information visit www.Hypnotist.com.

Building bridges between Ayurveda and Modern Science.



The recent decade has witnessed many landmark observations, which have added to the scientific credentials of Ayurveda.It is however believed that instead of a retrospective approach of looking into the Ayurveda through the scientific reappraisals, a prospective approach through primary understanding of Ayurveda followed by a search into scientific linkage would be more appealing. This article brings the simplified yet scientific decoding of the core concepts of Ayurveda that form the framework of this ancient science of health.

Rastogi S. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Jan;1(1):41-6. Department of Kaya Chikitsa, State Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Tulsi Das Marg, Lucknow - 4, Department of Holistic Medicine, BMCRC, Vatsala Hospital, Tulsi Das Marg, Lucknow, India.

Relative effectiveness and adverse effects of cervical manipulation, mobilisation...



Full Title Relative effectiveness and adverse effects of cervical manipulation, mobilisation and the activator instrument in patients with sub-acute non-specific neck pain: results from a stopped randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Neck pain of a mechanical nature is a common complaint seen by practitioners of manual medicine, who use a multitude of methods to treat the condition. It is not known, however, if any of these methods are superior in treatment effectiveness. This trial was stopped due to poor recruitment. The purposes of this report are (1) to describe the trial protocol, (2) to report on the data obtained from subjects who completed the study, (3) to discuss the problems we encountered in conducting this study.

METHODS: A pragmatic randomised clinical trial was undertaken. Patients who met eligibility criteria were randomised into three groups. One group was treated using specific segmental high velocity low amplitude manipulation (diversified), another by specific segmental mobilisation, and a third group by the Activator instrument. All three groups were also treated for any myofascial distortions and given appropriate exercises and advice. Participants were treated six times over a three-week period or until they reported being pain free. The primary outcome measure for the study was Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC); secondary outcome measures included the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36v2), the neck Bournemouth Questionnaire, and the numerical rating scale for pain intensity. Participants also kept a diary of any pain medication taken and noted any perceived adverse effects of treatment. Outcomes were measured at four points: end of treatment, and 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter.

RESULTS: Between January 2007 and March 2008, 123 patients were assessed for eligibility, of these 47 were considered eligible, of which 16 were allocated to manipulation, 16 to the Activator instrument and 15 to the mobilisation group. Comparison between the groups on the PGIC adjusted for baseline covariants did not show a significant difference for any of the endpoints. Within group analyses for change from baseline to the 12-month follow up for secondary outcomes were significant for all groups on the Bournemouth Questionnaire and for pain, while the mobilisation group had a significant improvement on the PCS and MCS subscales of the SF-36v2. Finally, there were no moderate, severe, or long-lasting adverse effects reported by any participant in any group.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the small sample size must be taken into consideration, it appears that all three methods of treating mechanical neck pain had a long-term benefit for subacute neck pain, without moderate or serious adverse events associated with any of the treatment methods. There were difficulties in recruiting subjects to this trial. This pragmatic trial should be repeated with a larger sample size.

Gemmell H, Miller P. Chiropr Osteopat. 2010 Jul 9;18:20. Principal Lecturer Chiropractic Sciences, Department of Academic Affairs Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Bournemouth, Dorset, UK. hgemmell@aecc.ac.uk.

Brain activation during compassion meditation: a case study.



OBJECTIVES: B.L. is a Tibetan Buddhist with many years of compassion meditation practice. During meditation B.L. uses a technique to generate a feeling of love and compassion while reciting a mantra. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neural correlates of compassion meditation in 1 experienced meditator.

METHODS: B.L. was examined by functional magnetic resonance imaging during compassion meditation, applying a paradigm with meditation and word repetition blocks.

RESULTS: The most significant finding was the activation in the left medial prefrontal cortex extending to the anterior cingulate gyrus. Other significant loci of activation were observed in the right caudate body extending to the right insula and in the left midbrain close to the hypothalamus.

CONCLUSIONS: The results in this study are in concordance with the hypothesis that compassion meditation is accompanied by activation in brain areas involved with empathy as well as with happy and pleasant feelings (i.e., the left medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus).

Engström M, Söderfeldt B. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 May;16(5):597-9. Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. maria.engstrom@liu.se

Music therapy for noisiform tinnitus : Concept development and evaluation.



BACKGROUND: Music therapy in chronic tonal tinnitus according to the "Heidelberger model" presents an effective treatment, which is substantiated by neuroscientific and psychological evaluation.

METHOD: The music therapy approach was specifically extended to include noisiform tinnitus, taking sound quality and cardiovascular influences into consideration. Outcome criteria were psychological tinnitus load, psychophysiologic parameters and brain imaging procedures.

RESULTS: Psychological outcomes of the pilot study indicate that 21 of the 23 patients (i.e. more than 90%) achieved a reliable reduction of symptoms (TQ scores: pre: 40.1+/-11.4; post: 27.9+/-12.8; at 3-month-follow-up: 24.0+/-12.2). Results of the imaging examinations demonstrated neuroplastic changes in the putamen and insula. Psychophysiological measurements indicate cardiovascular influences on noisiform tinnitus.

DISCUSSION: Therapy success depends on the sound quality of the tinnitus; therefore, any treatment should take this into consideration. Cardiovascular influences were important insofar as active control of the heart rate was an important predictor of long-term therapy outcome. Overall, brain imaging data confirm the top-down-model of tinnitus generation.

Argstatter H, Krick C, Plinkert P, Bolay HV. HNO. 2010 Sep 1. Deutsches Zentrum für Musiktherapieforschung (Viktor Dulger Institut), Heidelberg, Deutschland, heike.argstatter@fh-heidelberg.de.

Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992-2008.



Full Title: Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992-2008: assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.

We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as "psi"); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997-2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 x 10(-8)). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 x 10(-4)), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of -0.029 (Stouffer Z = -2.29, p = .989). The mean effect size value of the ganzfeld database were significantly higher than the mean effect size of the nonganzfeld noise reduction and the standard free-response databases. We also found that selected participants (believers in the paranormal, meditators, etc.) had a performance advantage over unselected participants, but only if they were in the ganzfeld condition.

Psychol Bull. 2010 Jul;136(4):471-85. Storm L, Tressoldi PE, Di Risio L. School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. lance.storm@adelaide.edu.au

Management of stress in inflammatory bowel disease: a therapeutic option?



There is increasing evidence that psychological stress and associated mood disorders are linked with, and can adversely affect the course of, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unfortunately, owing to methodological difficulties inherent in undertaking appropriately targeted and blinded trials, there are limited high-quality data regarding the effects on IBD of interventions aimed to ameliorate stress and mood disorders. Nevertheless, patients want psychological intervention as well as conventional medical strategies. Emerging trial evidence supports the suggestion that psychologically orientated therapy may ameliorate IBD-associated mood disorders, but there are no strong data as of yet to indicate that stress management has a beneficial effect on the activity or course of IBD. As yet, which, when and how interventions targeted at psychological stress and mood disturbances should be offered to individual patients with IBD is not clear.

Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Dec;3(6):661-79. Goodhand JR, Wahed M, Rampton DS. Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK. j.goodhand@qmul.ac.uk

Trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions initiated by an exotic invasive......



Full Title Trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions initiated by an exotic invasive plant autogenic ecosystem engineer.

Indirect interactions are important for structuring ecological systems. However, research on indirect effects has been heavily biased toward top-down trophic interactions, and less is known about other indirect-interaction pathways. As autogenic ecosystem engineers, plants can serve as initiators of nontrophic indirect interactions that, like top-down pathways, can involve both trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) and density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs). Using microcosms, I examined a plant --> predator --> consumer interaction pathway involving the exotic autogenic ecosystem engineer Centaurea maculosa; native Dictyna spiders (which exhibit density and trait [web-building] responses to C. maculosa); Dictyna's insect prey, Urophora affinis; and Urophora's host plant (a secondary receiver species) to quantify DMIIs and TMIIs in an autogenic engineered pathway. Both DMIIs and TMIIs were strong enough to reduce Urophora populations, but only DMIIs, which were 4.3 times stronger than TMIIs, were strong enough to also reduce Urophora's fecundity and increase the fecundity of its host plant. Prior field studies support these results, suggesting that the differences between DMIIs and TMIIs are even stronger in nature. This study illustrates that autogenic ecosystem engineers can initiate powerful indirect interactions that generally parallel predator-initiated interactions but also differ in important functional ways.

Pearson DE. Am Nat. 2010 Oct;176(4):394-403. Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 800 East Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, Montana 59801; and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812.

Is high hypnotizability a trouble in balance control?



Hypnotizability is a cognitive trait measured by standard scales and associated with peculiar physiological responses to cognitive and physical stimulations. Hypnotizability-related differences can also be observed in non-hypnotic state and in the absence of specific suggestions. In the normal bipedal stance subjects with high hypnotizability (Highs) exhibit a higher tolerance of alteration of the visual and leg/neck proprioceptive input with respect to low hypnotizable individuals (Lows). Aim of the study was to investigate whether this characteristic represents a disadvantage during highly demanding postural tasks. Sixteen Highs and 16 Lows of both genders participated in an experimental session consisting of maintaining balance while standing with open or closed eyes on a seesaw platform allowing roll movements. The results did not show significant differences between Highs and Lows in inclination area and time, with the exception of a greater ability of Highs with respect to Lows when they began the task displacing the body weight from the left to the right leg. Thus, high hypnotizability does not represent a disadvantage for balance control during highly demanding postural tasks. Together with previous studies, the present findings suggest that the Highs' postural control might shift from a very "economic", preeminently centrally driven functioning mode, characteristic of easy postural tasks, to an efficaciously periphery-controlled mode, required by difficult postural tasks.

Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Jan;108(1):201-6. Caratelli E, Menzocchi M, Carli G, Fontani G, Santarcangelo E. Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Glenn Harrold



Glenn Harrold is a full Diplomat member of the British School of Clinical Hypnosis, a clinical hypnotherapy organization in the UK affiliated with the training of National Health Service (NHS) doctors and other health professionals in the art of hypnotherapy. Glenn is an experienced clinical hypnotherapist who has helped thousands of clients with a wide range of problems. Before becoming a hypnotherapist, he was a performing and recording musician. Combining his deep understanding of hypnosis with an extensive recording expertise has enabled him to produce a uniquely effective series of high quality hypnosis recordings.

For more information about Glenn Harrold, please go to his website: http://www.hypnosisaudio.com/

Daniel P. Kohen, M.D.



Dr. Dan Kohen is the Director of the Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics Program and Clinical Director of the KDWB University Pediatrics Family Center. He is a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and has a joint appointment as Professor in the Department of Family Practice & Community Health. Dr. Kohen is Board Certified by the American Board of Pediatrics and by the American Board of Medical Hypnosis.

Dr. Kohen has been on the Faculty of the Department of Pediatrics for 26 years, helped to found and develop the Behavioral Pediatrics Program, then at Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, and has been at the University for 11 years. He sees patients daily in the Behavioral Pediatrics Program's general DBP clinic and self-regulation clinic. He is the Director of, and a major teacher in, the Resident Rotation training program in Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics (one month in PL-1 year), and also directs and teaches the 3-year, ACGME accredited Fellowship Training Program in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics.

Dr. Kohen's research interests include exploration of cyberphysiologic (self-regulatory) abilities in children and adolescents with headaches, Tourette Syndrome, children with sleep disorders, and in the ability of children to learn and utilize self-hypnosis to alter and regulate physiologic functions. He is currently completing a study of 178 consecutive children and adolescents with headaches treated with self-hypnosis training. Dr. Kohen teaches clinical hypnosis skills workshops throughout the United States and around the world and his efforts and publications also focus on best practices in clinical hypnosis education and training. He has over 50 publications in a variety of pediatric, hypnosis, and other scientific journals.

Effects of chiropractic care on pain and function in patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting...



Full Title: Effects of chiropractic care on pain and function in patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting for arthroplasty: a clinical pilot trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the short-term effects of chiropractic care on pain and function in patients with hip osteoarthritis.

METHODS: A convenience sample of 14 patients waiting to undergo unilateral hip arthroplasty at a large university hospital received either chiropractic care (n = 7) or no additional treatment (n = 7) during a 3-week period. The main outcome was the change in self-rated hip pain on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 0-100). Secondary outcomes were the change in the five Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Subscales (HOOS, 0-100), which include pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in sport and recreation and hip related quality of life. Nonparametric statistics were used to explore outcome changes from baseline to follow-up after three weeks within and between the groups.

RESULTS: Patients receiving chiropractic care, on average 4.4 (SD +/-1.0) treatments over 3 weeks, showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement in self-rated hip pain, VAS - 26.0 (SD +/-28.4), P = .043. The chiropractic patients also had clinically important, but not statistically significant, improvement scores in HOOS function in daily living 18.6 (SD +/-18.5), pain 15.4 (SD +/-17.2), and hip-related quality of life 12.4 (SD +/-19.6). The waiting list controls had no statistically significant improvements in any outcome measured, but a clinically relevant improvement in HOOS Pain 12.2 (SD +/-18.2), P = .051 was observed. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups due to the small sample size. Approximately 25 patients per arm would be required to adequately power a full scale randomized controlled trial with VAS for hip pain as the main outcome measure.

CONCLUSIONS: Chiropractic care may provide a short-term benefit in decreasing hip pain for patients with hip osteoarthritis waiting for hip arthroplasty. The pilot findings warrant larger scale randomized controlled trials with longer-term follow-ups.

Thorman P, Dixner A, Sundberg T. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010 Jul-Aug;33(6):438-44. Scandinavian College of Chiropractic, Solna, Sweden. thorman@kiropraktik.edu

Structure of Pain the Mind Body Connection

The evidence-base for complementary medicine in children: a critical overview of systematic reviews.



Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in paediatric populations is common yet, to date, there has been no synthesis of the evidence of its effectiveness in that population. This overview of systematic review evaluates the evidence for or against the effectiveness of CAM for any childhood condition. Methods Medline, AMED and Cochrane were searched from inception until September 2009. Reference lists of retrieved articles were hand-searched. Experts in the field of CAM were contacted. No language restrictions were applied. Results 17 systematic reviews were included in this overview, covering acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage and yoga. Results were unconvincing for most conditions although there is some evidence to suggest that acupuncture may be effective for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and that hypnotherapy may be effective in reducing procedure-related pain. Most of the reviews failed to mention the incidence of adverse effects of CAMs. Conclusions Although there is some encouraging evidence for hypnosis, herbal medicine and acupuncture, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that other CAMs are effective for the treatment of childhood conditions. Many of the systematic reviews included in this overview were of low quality, as were the randomised clinical trials within those reviews, further reducing the weight of that evidence. Future research in CAM for children should conform to the reporting standards outlined in the CONSORT and PRISMA guidelines.

Hunt K, Ernst E. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Jul 6. Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Exeter, UK.

Pain management by primary care physicians, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists...



Full Title Pain management by primary care physicians, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists: a national survey.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic pain is a serious public health problem and is treated by diverse health care providers. In order to enhance policies and programs to improve pain care, we collected information about the distribution of pain patients among four major groups of pain management providers: primary care physicians (PCPs), pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists, and the variation in the attitudes and practices of these providers with respect to some common strategies used for pain.

METHODS: National mail survey of PCPs, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists (ntotal = 3,000).

RESULTS: Eight hundred seventeen responses were usable (response rate, 29%). Analyses weighted to obtain nationally representative data showed that PCPs treat approximately 52% of chronic pain patients, pain physicians treat 2%, chiropractors treat 40%, and acupuncturists treat 7%. Of the chronic pain patients seen for evaluation, the percentages subsequently treated on an ongoing basis range from 51% (PCPs) to 63% (pain physicians). Pain physicians prescribe long-acting opioids such as methadone, antidepressants or anti-convulsants, and other nontraditional analgesics approximately 50-100% more often than PCPs. Twenty-nine percent of PCPs and 16% of pain physicians reported prescribing opioids less often than they deem appropriate because of regulatory oversight concerns. Of the four groups, PCPs are least likely to feel confident in their ability to manage musculoskeletal pain and neuropathic pain, and are least likely to favor mandatory pain education for all PCPs.

CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variation in attitudes and practices of the various disciplines that treat chronic pain. This information may be useful in interpreting differences in patient access to pain care, planning studies to clarify patient outcomes in relation to different providers and treatment strategies, and designing a system that matches chronic pain patients to appropriate practitioners and treatments.

Breuer B, Cruciani R, Portenoy RK. South Med J. 2010 Aug;103(8):738-47. Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA. bbreuer@chpnet.org

Ray Kurzweil



Raymond "Ray" Kurzweil is an American author, inventor and futurist. He is involved in fields such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments. He is the author of several books on health, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism.

For more information visit www.Kurzeilai.net.

Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvedic education: A survey.



In the present day scenario, Ayurveda is globally being perceived in several contradictory ways. Poor quality of Ayurveda graduates produced as a result of poorly structured and poorly regulated education system is at least one of the important factors responsible for this scenario. The present study was carried out to evaluate the 'Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvedic education' and is based on the responses of Ayurvedic students and Ayurvedic teachers from various educational institutions of India to a methodically validated questionnaire. As the study indicates, the poor standard of Ayurvedic education in India is definitely a cause of concern. The curriculum of Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) course of studies is required to be reviewed and restructured. The syllabi are required to be updated with certain relevant topics like laws governing the intellectual property rights, basic procedures of standardization of medicinal products, fundamental methods of evaluating the toxicity of the medicinal products, essentials of healthcare management and the basics of cultivation and marketing of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the study suggests that the Ayurvedic academicians are required to be trained in standard methods of research and documentation skills, and the educational institutions are required to be encouraged to contribute their share in building up the evidence base for Ayurveda in the form of quality education and research.

Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Singh G, Rathore HC. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Jan;1(1):49-54. Department of Kriya Sharir,Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Effect of pulsing in low-level light therapy.



BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low level light (or laser) therapy (LLLT) is a rapidly growing modality used in physical therapy, chiropractic, sports medicine and increasingly in mainstream medicine. LLLT is used to increase wound healing and tissue regeneration, to relieve pain and inflammation, to prevent tissue death, to mitigate degeneration in many neurological indications. While some agreement has emerged on the best wavelengths of light and a range of acceptable dosages to be used (irradiance and fluence), there is no agreement on whether continuous wave or pulsed light is best and on what factors govern the pulse parameters to be chosen.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The published peer-reviewed literature was reviewed between 1970 and 2010.

RESULTS: The basic molecular and cellular mechanisms of LLLT are discussed. The type of pulsed light sources available and the parameters that govern their pulse structure are outlined. Studies that have compared continuous wave and pulsed light in both animals and patients are reviewed. Frequencies used in other pulsed modalities used in physical therapy and biomedicine are compared to those used in LLLT.

CONCLUSION: There is some evidence that pulsed light does have effects that are different from those of continuous wave light. However further work is needed to define these effects for different disease conditions and pulse structures.

Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Kurup DB, De Taboada L, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Lasers Surg Med. 2010 Aug;42(6):450-66. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

The effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing pain and suffering among women.



Full Title: The effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing pain and suffering among women with metastatic breast cancer and among women with temporomandibular disorder.

The authors describe two studies of special interest to clinicians and clinical researchers. Both are randomized controlled studies, exclusively focused on female patients. The first study tests whether a year-long weekly group intervention including hypnosis can reduce cancer pain among women with metastatic breast cancer. Findings suggest the intervention slowed the increase in reported pain over a 12-month period relative to controls. The second study examines the effect of hypnosis in women suffering from temporomandibular disorder (TMD), with a special focus on function as well as pain. Hypnosis reduced TMD pain as measured by a numerical-rating scale.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2010 Oct;58(4):497-504. Nash MR, Tasso A. University Of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with chronic diseases.



Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a structured group program that uses mindfulness meditation to improve well-being and alleviate suffering. This article reviews the impact of MBSR for people with chronic diseases. The review includes original research that was published in English and peer-reviewed and reported outcomes for adults with chronic diseases who had participated in an MBSR program. Fifteen studies were identified. Outcomes related to mental and physical health, well-being, and quality of life. The studies included different research designs, and used self-report and physiological outcome measures. Participants' clinical diagnoses included fibromyalgia, chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, and cardiovascular diagnoses. All 15 studies found that participation in an MBSR program resulted in improvements. No negative change was reported between baseline and follow up. Outcomes in regard to specific variables were difficult to compare and equivocal. Overall, positive change predominated. Chronic diseases are associated with a range of unwelcome psychological and physical consequences. Participation in an MBSR program is likely to result in coping better with symptoms, improved overall well-being and quality of life, and enhanced health outcomes. As an adjunct to standard care, MBSR has potential for much wider application in Australian primary care settings.

Merkes M. Aust J Prim Health. 2010;16(3):200-10. Australian Institute for Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences Building 2, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia. Email:

Children's suggestion-induced omission errors are not caused by memory erasure.



We explored whether children's suggestion-induced omission errors are caused by memory erasure. Seventy-five children were instructed to remove three pieces of clothing from a puppet. Next, they were confronted with evidence falsely suggesting that one of the items had not been removed. During two subsequent interviews separated by one week, children had to report which pieces of clothing they had removed. Children who during both interviews failed to report that they had removed the pertinent item (i.e., omission error; n=24) completed a choice reaction time task. In this task, they were presented with different clothing items. For each item, children had to indicate whether or not they had removed it. Significantly more errors were made for those removed items that children failed to report than for those they had not removed. This indicates that children's suggestion-based omission errors are not due to erasure of memories.

Conscious Cogn. 2010 Mar;19(1):265-9. Epub 2009 Nov 1. Otgaar H, Meijer EH, Giesbrecht T, Smeets T, Candel I, Merckelbach H. Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Henry.Otgaar@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in peripheral...



Full Title Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in peripheral blood flow when assessed with dynamic infrared thermography.

OBJECTIVE: This study's objective was to determine the effect of therapeutic massage on peripheral blood flow utilizing dynamic infrared thermography in a constant temperature/humidity thermal chamber to assess noncontact skin temperature.

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Hypnosis & Hypnotherapy for Healing Injuries, Pain and Mind-body Conditions. No. 2.



by Brian Green, CCHT

I will continue with a case of Trigeminal Neuralgia, which is an inflammation of a cranial nerve that innervates the face and jaw. Known to be excruciatingly painful. The condition has been ascribed possibly to a virus. This was a male client in his mid-thirties who came for an unrelated issue. Noticing his face was asymmetric during my intake, as if he had had a minor stroke. I named the condition, and he assented it was indeed so. Three months earlier, he was on a different medication, started in a high-end hospital sobriety program, (and he was still sober). An "allergic" reaction to this medication was the presumed cause in this case.

Hypnoanalysis back to the time of onset in trance uncovered the following. "What was going on in your life at the time?" I asked. "My marriage was breaking up!" Processing/resolution of the partly suppressed and repressed feelings followed. It was an interaction between the action of the drug and his emotional nerve chemistry at the time. And perhaps a concurrent partly fused conversion symptom. (Displacement of emotional pain into physical pain). I then went on to his presenting issue. On emergence, his face was symmetrical; the pain by his report reduced 80/90%.

One week later, a small amount of pain remaining, I enquired in trance. "Tell me how the nerve appears when you picture it." "It is all pink, except a small circular gray "dead" patch that was the focal point of the nerve damage." I guided him to visualize it diminishing in size, changing color to a matching pink, the color of the healthy nerve tissue, etc. while simultaneously using hypno-linguistics, offsetting double binds, etc. as demonstrated in my hypnosis manual, to bring the damage and pain down progressively and in future to permanent zero. On return, two weeks later, no further treatment was necessary. I believe it would be hard to find an MD. who would believe Trigeminal Neuralgia could be accessible to a psychological and mental healing. If this man had indeed a coexisting viral infection, it was subsidiary or irrelevant.

In my experience also, a huge range of medical/physical problems can be primarily or partly the result of non-physiological factors. This particular area is a sub-specialty of mine. Hypnotherapy reveals that any physical, (or psychological), condition can have any source, so presuming medical generalities to be gospel only limits the hypno-practitioner's exploration unnecessarily. It is more useful to have a range of methods/tools such as hypno-analysis, regression, hypnotherapeutic healing and direct symptom alteration or removal available, than to rely primarily on information from medical or psychological "authorities". Not only unhelpful at times, they can prejudice the practitioner's mind and preclude other avenues of investigation. Medical, (and psychological) information may be a guide, but should not be given unquestioned credibility; it's just another set of potentially useful information to be tested out. There is a current growing tendency in both fields to analyze, identify and label difficulties, concretize and convert them into "factual" things, rather than ongoing processes that may be available for change. Openness and flexibility are the required qualities to be stressed. "Deal with what emerges." was Gil Boyne's phrase. He has a video of uncovering fear of rejection as a source of painful Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ), and one of a fear of maternal castration as the source of a severe stutter! So much for speech therapy in this case!

Another client, in his mid-fifties, had painful tendonitis and joint inflammation, in the right carpal/metacarpal wrist and thumb area, subsequent to putting his hand out to break a fall. He had tried every available medical remedy without success, including finally, a surgical resection of a tendon. In my intake, his employment was identified as a court reporter. I said, "You were a court reporter, and you were injured in the precise area absolutely required for your job, where you hold an implement to write, and it would not heal. You were disabled, and had to leave and get retraining. What a coincidence!" This time hypnoanalysis uncovered the following. He had wanted to leave his employment due being trapped in irresolvable difficulties produced by an aging judge in his hierarchy, who had become an arbitrary tyrant. He was unable to do so without losing many years of insurance/pension benefits. So he was trapped. But the injury allowed a medical release while avoiding these negative consequences. Unfortunately, his subconscious, only being aware of the timeless now, had continued maintaining the pain and injury long past the time needed, and presumably would have continued indefinitely without my intervention. After the insight gained from uncovering, suggested healing organized around the redundancy of maintaining the injury was communicated to the now connected conscious and other-than-conscious mind. Emerging from trance, he picked up a sheet of paper, and held it suspended between his right thumb and forefinger, saying, "This is the first time I have been able to do that for 2 years."

Incidentally, this relates to how the mind can prevent healing, as well as being directed to accomplish it. After two similar cases, I surmised it was not possible to reduce the pain and heal difficulties where legal monetary damages were pending, even if the case had been won. This was true despite a strong conscious desire for relief. Another hypnotherapist, and a couple of texts confirmed these facts. It appears the fears of letting go of control; until the money is actually in the person's possession, predominate. I wonder if deposit in their lawyers account is adequate, or only actual receipt into their own!

To show how different the causations of similar appearing conditions, viz joint pain, may be, here is a case of bursitis, painful inflammation of the shoulder joint. This gentleman had already healed shooting pains down his leg after uncovering a deeply buried teenage desire to kick his father in the testicles, for retaliation due to feeling his father was, (unintentionally as it appeared in retrospect), emotionally emasculating him by rendering his teenage self impotent. In a later session, he informed me that he was in great pain due to a flare-up of his long-standing chronic bursitis. I recalled Arthur Janov, in the first edition of "The Primal Scream." stating that an unexpressed anger can remain as a permanent stored tension in the body, and he used the desire to punch someone being stored in the arm as his example. Guided by an inspired guess, I took him back to that past state of mind in trance; and probed "At the time you wanted to kick him, did you also have an urge to punch him?" "Yes," he exclaimed immediately, as he re-experienced it. Then he said, "A ball of violet energy/light is emerging from my shoulder .. .. is moving and hanging in front of my eyes," where it remained for a few moments or so. On his return, he said his shoulder was still sore for a couple of days, (the inflammation perhaps needed time to subside). The pain then faded, and has not returned.

In my next and last casebook, I will detail relief of Acid Reflux, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, (IBS) Sudden Onset Arthritis, among others.

For more information visit www.MindMagic123.com.

A hypnotic paradigm for studying intrusive memories.



Despite the importance of intrusive memories in clinical disorders, research has been limited by a dearth of paradigms that permit experimental study of intrusions. This study describes a hypnotic paradigm for eliciting intrusive memories. Forty-nine highly hypnotisable participants nominated a distressing memory prior to being hypnotised. During hypnosis, they received the suggestion that they would remember the memory in response to a designated cue after the hypnosis session. Half of the participants also received a posthypnotic amnesia suggestion for the source of the memory. Following hypnosis, all participants completed a cognitive task and during the task received the cue to recall the memory. Results demonstrated that memories experienced after posthypnotic amnesia were experienced as more involuntary and more distressing than those that were knowingly retrieved. Participants in the posthypnotic amnesia condition also demonstrated greater interference on the cognitive task after the retrieval cue was given than those who intentionally retrieved the memory. These findings suggest that posthypnotic suggestion provides a useful paradigm to elicit intrusive memories under experimental conditions.

J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;41(4):433-7. Hill Z, Hung L, Bryant RA. School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Autogenic training alters cerebral activation patterns in FMRI.



Cerebral activation patterns during the first three auto-suggestive phases of autogenic training (AT) were investigated in relation to perceived experiences. Nineteen volunteers trained in AT and 19 controls were studied with fMRI during the first steps of autogenic training. FMRI revealed activation of the left postcentral areas during AT in those with experience in AT, which also correlated with the level of AT experience. Activation of prefrontal and insular cortex was significantly higher in the group with experience in AT while insular activation was correlated with number years of simple relaxation exercises. Specific activation in subjects experienced in AT may represent a training effect. Furthermore, the correlation of insular activation suggests that these subjects are different from untrained subjects in emotional processing or self-awareness.

Schlamann M, Naglatzki R, de Greiff A, Forsting M, Gizewski ER. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2010 Oct;58(4):444-56. University Hospital Essen and University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.

Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity...



Full Title: Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity: the phenomenon and its why and when.

The goal of the present research was to investigate whether high or low power leads to more interpersonal sensitivity and what potentially mediates and moderates this effect. In Study 1, 76 participants in either a high- or low-power position interacted; in Study 2, 134 participants were implicitly primed with either high- or low-power or neutral words; and in Study 3, 96 participants were asked to remember a situation in which they felt high or low power (plus a control condition). In Study 4, 157 participants were told to identify with either an egoistic, empathic, or neutral leadership style. In all studies, interpersonal sensitivity, defined as correctly assessing other people, was then measured using different instruments in each study. Consistently, high power resulted in more interpersonal sensitivity than low power. Feeling respected and proud was partially responsible for this effect. Empathic power as a personality trait was related to more interpersonal sensitivity, and high-power individuals who adopted an empathic instead of an egoistic leadership style were more interpersonally sensitive.

J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Nov;97(5):835-50. Schmid Mast M, Jonas K, Hall JA. Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland. marianne.schmid@unine.ch

Skin Cancer: Knowledge, Behaviors, and Attitudes of College Students.



OBJECTIVES: Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding melanoma and skin protection were examined.

METHODS: We surveyed 492 students at a mid-sized southern university. The Melanoma Risk Behavior Survey was administered in lecture classes.

RESULTS: Mean knowledge score was 10.6 +/- 3.8 (24 questions). A majority of participants knew that sun exposure increases the risk for skin cancer; however, only 29% correctly identified behaviors that reduce this risk. Mean attitude score was 5.26 +/- 2.73 (11 questions). Sixty-nine percent agreed that all people should take precautions against skin cancer; however, only 51% believed they themselves should practice sun safe behaviors. Mean behavior score was 1.29 +/- 1.22 (9 possible). Only 3.1% reported avoiding the sun during peak hours, and only 5.1% regularly use sunscreen when exposed to the sun.

CONCLUSION: Campus programs for increasing awareness of skin cancer risk are warranted. Changing attitudes and behaviors regarding exposure and protective measures is increasingly important.

Spradlin K, Bass M, Hyman W, Keathley R. South Med J. 2010 Sep 2. From the Department of Health and Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX; and Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS.

William W. Hewitt



William W. Hewitt was a freelance writer, the author of eight books and several hypnosis audio tapes. He spent more than thirty years as a professional writer and editor in the computer, nuclear power and mining industries. He was a certified clinical hypnotheriapist and frequently lectured on hypnosis, mind power, self-improvement, metaphysics, and related subjects.

Trends and Predictors of Publicly Subsidized Chiropractic Service Use Among Adults Age 50+



Abstract Objectives: This article examines trends in and predictors of publicly subsidized chiropractic use from 1991 to 2000, a decade characterized by health care system reforms throughout North America. Sample: The sample included adults age 50+ who visited a publicly subsidized chiropractor in the Canadian province of British Columbia during the study period. Design: Administrative claims data for chiropractic service use were drawn from the Medical

Services Plan (MSP) Master file in the British Columbia Linked Health Data resource. The MSP Master file contains claims reported for every provincially insured medical service and supplementary health benefit including chiropractic visits. Results: Joinpoint regression analyses demonstrate that while annual rates of chiropractic users did not change over the decade, visit rates decreased during this period. Predictors of a greater number of chiropractic visits include increasing age, female gender, urban residence, low to moderate income, and use of chiropractic services earlier in the decade. Conclusions: The trend toward decreasing visit rates over the 1990s both conflicts with and is consistent with findings from other North American chiropractic studies using similar time periods. Results indicating that low and moderate income and advancing age predict more frequent chiropractic service are novel. However, given that lower income and older individuals were exempted from chiropractic service limits during this period, these results suggest support for the responsive nature of chiropractic use to financial barriers.

J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Sep 1. Votova K, Penning MJ, Zheng C, Brackley ME. Department of Sociology and Centre on Aging, University of Victoria , Victoria, BC, Canada .

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