The purpose of this research is to examine the relation of meditation to power and well-being in Korean adults. Using a quasi-experimental design, meditation was provided through a chakra meditation music program over a 4 week period. The Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool and the Well-Being Picture Scale were used, after being translated into Korean. Statistically significant interaction effects of power and group (p < .001), and well-being and group (p < .05) were found. Meditation has a potential to facilitate power and well-being in the human and environmental field patterning process.

Nurs Sci Q. 2008 Jan;21(1):49-58. Tae Sook Kim , Jeong Sook Park , Myung Ae Kim . St. Joseph's College, New York.

The relationship of self-reports of hypnotic depth obtained during self-hypnosis to hypnotizability and to the kinds of imagery produced during self-hypnosis is investigated. The sample consisted of 22 highly hypnotizable Ss who practiced self-hypnosis in 1-hour daily sessions for 4 weeks and kept daily journals in which they detailed the contents of their self-hypnosis experiences. The journals were coded for imagery production by scoring for both reality-oriented and primary process imagery. Ss had been taught to monitor their hypnotic depth using a slightly revised version of the Extended North Carolina Scale (ENCS) of Tart (1979). Previously, ENCS has been used only with heterohypnotic Ss. The self-reports of depth using ENCS correlated highly with hypnotizability as measured by the Revised Stanford Profile Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Form I of Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard (1967) and with imagery production. Results demonstrate that ENCS scores are also a valid indicator of self-hypnotic depth among highly hypnotizable Ss. Furthermore, they indicate that both hetero-hypnotizability and imagery production are related to self-hypnotic depth, but that the association between imagery and hypnotizability is due to their individual relationships to self-hypnotic depth.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1989 Oct;37(4):290-304., Kahn SP, Fromm E, Lombard LS, Sossi M.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized pilot was to determine feasibility of testing Reiki, a complementary therapy intervention, for women undergoing breast biopsy (BB). BACKGROUND: Increasingly women face the possibility of BB, the definitive test for breast cancer. Psychological distress associated with BB includes anxiety and depression. Reiki was proposed as an intervention to decrease anxiety and promote relaxation. METHOD: Thirty-two women scheduled for BB were randomized to Reiki intervention versus conventional care control. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using self-report questionnaires. FINDINGS: Analysis found no significant mean differences between groups over time. Comparably low baseline anxiety levels (possible selection bias) decreased naturally with time allowing little room for observing treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS: Reiki, when administered in the naturalistic setting of a complementary therapy office, did not suggest evidence of efficacy. An intervention offered within the bounds of the conventional care setting may be more feasible for addressing BB distress.

J Holist Nurs. 2007 Dec;25(4):238-48; discussion 249-51. Potter PJ. University of Washington School of Nursing.

Retrospective analyses of data from the authors' program of research on hypnosis and memory are presented, with special emphasis on effects observed among low hypnotizable individuals. In Experiment 1, participants completed seven forced-recall trials in an attempt to remember a series of pictures that had been shown 1 week earlier. For half the participants, the middle five trials were carried out using hypnotic procedures; the remaining participants performed all recall attempts in a motivated waking condition. Hypnosis failed to enhance correct recall for either high or low hypnotizable participants beyond the hypermnesia and reminiscence effects associated with repeated retrieval attempts over time. However, whereas high hypnotizable participants produced substantial numbers of confident recall errors (i.e., intrusions) independent of the use of hypnosis, low hypnotizable participants exposed to hypnotic procedures reported significantly more intrusions than their counterparts in the waking condition. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to identify whether specific recollections, reported during two forced-interrogatory recall tests conducted 1 week earlier, had originated in the first or second of those tests. A general bias to misattribute previously reported recollections to the first of two recall occasions was observed; however, the effect was greatest among low hypnotizables who had undergone the second recall attempt in hypnosis. The findings imply that highly hypnotizable individuals are not unique in their vulnerability to distortions of memory induced by hypnotic techniques. Individuals of lesser hypnotic capacity also manifest memory alterations when exposed to such procedures.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1996 Oct;44(4):354-69. Orne EC, Whitehouse WG, Dinges DF, Orne MT. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA.

Tam Llewellyn-Edwards is a Homeopath and Meridian Therapist. He works full-time at the clinic, and he is also one of the tutors on our Meridian Energy Courses. Tam is a member of the Homeopathic Medical Association, the Alliance of Registered Homeopaths, and the Association for the Advancement of Meridian Energy Techneques. He is Professor of Homeopathy & Energy Therapy at Calamas University and an assessor for the Alliance of Registered Homeopaths. He has been awarded 'Master Practitioner' Status by Gary Craig, the originator of EFT.

For more information visit: http://www.TickHillClinic.com

As incidence of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in the United States increases, management of physical and psychological symptoms over the long term becomes crucial. Research has shown meditation to be a valuable tool in reducing such symptoms for various chronic illnesses. In particular, the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program offers curriculum that has been shown to influence both physiology and perception of disease states. Although there has been no direct research to date on the effectiveness of the MBSR program for CHC, several studies have shown significant findings affecting other chronic conditions, including heart disease, fibromyalgia, and HIV. The purpose of this literature review is to examine recent research, summarize findings, and indicate appropriate inclusion of MBSR as a primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment option in conjunction with biomedical care for those diagnosed with CHC. Thusly, nurses can better inform their clients with this condition.

J Holist Nurs. 2007 Dec;25(4):265-74; quiz 275-77. J Holist Nurs. 2007 Dec;25(4):265-74; quiz 275-77. Koerbel LS, Zucker DM. University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA Koerbel LS, Zucker DM. University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

EEG Biofeedback (Neurofeedback-NFB) is a learning strategy that enables people to alter their brainwaves. In the present case study, we applied a NFB protocol on three patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). The existing symptoms and clinical conditions of the patients attributed to FMS, Visual Analog Scale for pain and fatigue, Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Inventory Scales, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory Scales, and SF-36 were recorded before and after NFB training. Most of the symptoms were decreased after ten sessions. There was also improvement in all of the scales after the treatment. The results of the present study may suggest NFB training as a novel treatment method in FMS.

Agri. 2007 Jul;19(3):47-53. Kay?ran S, Dursun E, Ermutlu N, Dursun N, Karamürsel S. Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli, Turkey.

17 research psychologists, identified as reflecting state or nonstate theoretical positions regarding hypnosis, were requested to provide anonymous information about their personal hypnosis test scores. There were no differences between the state and nonstate groups in mean scores on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. Orne, 1962) or the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962), and no differences in the numbers who reported that they used hypnotherapy to treat patients. Small sample size suggests caution in interpretation of the present results, but it appears that commitment to a state or nonstate theory is not necessarily related to the hypnosis researcher's personal experience with hypnosis.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1989 Jul;37(3):189-91. Holroyd J.

Visual memory recall in hypnosis was investigated. To address criterion shift problems in previous studies, both forced and non-forced recall procedures were used. Previous methodological weaknesses with regard to hypnotizability and hypnotic depth were also addressed. Over 300 volunteers were screened for hypnotizability using the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A (Shor & Orne, 1962). Final high and low hypnotizability groups were selected using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962). Participants in each hypnotizability group were randomly assigned to either forced or non-forced recall conditions and to hypnosis or waking conditions. Participants were shown 60 slides of line drawings and then tested immediately in 3 recall periods. Analysis of variance results showed that those exposed to hypnosis and to a forced recall procedure were significantly more confident of their responses to correct items than those exposed to a non-forced recall procedure or a waking condition. Participants exposed to hypnosis and forced recall procedures recalled more correct items than those exposed to a waking condition. The findings support the hypermnesic effects of hypnosis when participants are required to provide a fixed number of responses.

Am J Clin Hypn. 1998 Apr;40(4):297-305., Fligstein D, Barabasz A, Barabasz M, Trevisan MS, Warner D., Hypnosis Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-2136, USA.

Russ Mason has published dozens of articles in Alternative & Complementary Therapies, a medical journal (www.liebertpub.com/). His writings include interviews with top physicians who integrate alternative protocols into an otherwise conventional medical practice. Some of the doctors include: Tieraona Low Dog, M.D., Jeremy Geffen, M.D., Judith Orloff, M.D. and Daniel Benor, M.D. Prior to writing for ACT, he worked at NBC in New York on Today, Dateline and other programs.

Despite evidence that individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders experience significant and persistent symptoms of anxiety, there are few reports of the use of empirically supported treatments for anxiety in this population. This article describes how we have tried to adapt mindfulness interventions to help individuals with schizophrenia who experience significant anxiety symptoms. Although mindfulness has been widely used to help individuals without psychosis, to our knowledge, this is the first study adapting it to help those with schizophrenia manage worry and stress. We provide an overview of the intervention and use an individual example to describe how our treatment development group responded. We also explore directions for future research of mindfulness interventions for schizophrenia.

J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2007 Nov;45(11):23-9. Davis LW, Strasburger AM, Brown LF. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. louanne.davis@va.gov

The pain associated with burn injuries is intense, unremitting and often exacerbated by anxiety, depression and other complicating patient factors. On top of this, modern burn care involves the repetitive performance - often on a daily basis for weeks to months - of painful and anxiety-provoking procedures that create additional treatment-related pain, such as wound care, dressing changes and rehabilitation activities. Pain management in burn patients is primarily achieved by potent pharmacologic analgesics (e.g., opioids), but is necessarily complemented by nonpharmacologic techniques, including distraction or hypnosis. Immersive virtual reality provides a particularly intense form of cognitive distraction during such brief, painful procedures, and has undergone preliminary study by several research groups treating burn patients over the past decade. Initial reports from these groups are consistent in suggesting that immersive virtual reality is logistically feasible, safe and effective in ameliorating the pain and anxiety experienced in various settings of post-burn pain. Furthermore, the technique appears applicable to a wide age range of patients and may be particularly well-adapted for use in children, one of the most challenging populations of burn victims to treat. However, confirmation and extension of these results in larger numbers of patients in various types of burn-related pain is necessary to more clearly define the specific benefits and limitations of virtual reality analgesia in the burn care setting.

Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Nov;8(11):1667-74. Sharar SR, Miller W, Teeley A, Soltani M, Hoffman HG, Jensen MP, Patterson DR. Department of Anesthesiology, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. sharar@u.washington.edu

The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C), developed and named 37 years ago, is arguably the "gold standard" of hypnotic susceptibility scales. However, it has been the impression of several researchers that means obtained on the SHSS:C are higher now than in previous years. The authors comprehensively review studies using the SHSS:C over a 4-decade period. The findings demonstrate a significant linear trend between year and SHSS:C scores, with higher obtained means in more recent work. The authors also report a similar analysis of research with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Although the mechanisms underlying this trend can only be speculated upon at present, these findings underscore the importance of using local control groups in research on hypnotizability.

Benham G, Smith N, Nash MR. Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0900, USA. britpsyc@utk.edu

Music therapy has been shown to be efficacious in experimental studies. However, there is little empirical research knowledge about what elements of music therapy influence its effectiveness in clinical practice. Children and adolescents with psychopathology (N=75) were assessed before and after participating in individual music therapy with 1 out of 15 music therapists in the Vienna region. Relationships between outcomes (as evaluated by parents) and therapy contents (as reported by therapists) were examined using general linear modelling. Results indicated that clients' symptoms and burdens on their social environment showed greater improvement when music therapy was limited to discipline-specific music therapy techniques and did not include other media such as play therapy elements. The findings indicate the importance of being aware of a therapy method's specific strengths and limitations. More research on the indicated specific ingredients of music therapy intervention is needed.

Psychol Psychother. 2007 Dec;80(Pt 4):577-89. Gold C, Wigram T, Voracek M. University of Bergen, Unifob Health, Bergen, Norway. christian.gold@grieg.uib.no

Dr. Beacham, Criminologist and Certified Forensic Hypnotist, is a Fellow and Diplomat of the International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association™. In addition, he is a licensed Private Investigator.

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The "Triarchic body-pathway relaxation technique" (TBRT) is a form of ancient Chinese mindfulness-based meditation professed to give rise to positive emotions and a specific state of consciousness in which deep relaxation and internalized attention coexist. The purpose of this study was to examine the EEG pattern generated during the practice of this mindfulness exercise, and compare it to music listening which has been shown to induce positive emotions. METHODS: Nineteen college students (aged 19-22 years) participated in the study. Each participant listened to both the TBRT and music audiotapes while EEG was recorded. The order of presentation was counterbalanced to avoid order effect. Two EEG indicators were used: (1) alpha asymmetry index, an indicator for left-sided anterior activation, as measure of positive emotions, and (2) frontal midline theta activity, as a measure for internalized attention. RESULTS: Increased left-sided activation, a pattern associated with positive emotions, was found during both TBRT exercise and music conditions. However, only TBRT exercise was shown to exhibit greater frontal midline theta power, a pattern associated with internalized attention. CONCLUSIONS: These results provided evidence to support that the TBRT gives rise to positive emotional experience, accompanied by focused internalized attention.

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2008 Jan 24 Chan AS, Han YM, Cheung MC. Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, aschan@psy.cuhk.edu.hk.

According to the mental-state reasoning model of suggestibility, 2 components of theory of mind mediate reductions in suggestibility across the preschool years. The authors examined whether theory-of-mind performance may be legitimately separated into 2 components and explored the memory processes underlying the associations between theory of mind and suggestibility, independent of verbal ability. Children 3 to 6 years old completed 6 theory-of-mind tasks and a postevent misinformation procedure. Contrary to the model's prediction, a single latent theory-of-mind factor emerged, suggesting a single-component rather than a dual-component conceptualization of theory-of-mind performance. This factor provided statistical justification for computing a single composite theory-of-mind score. Improvements in theory of mind predicted reductions in suggestibility, independent of verbal ability (Study 1, n = 72). Furthermore, once attribution biases were controlled (Study 2, n = 45), there was also a positive relationship between theory of mind and source memory, but not recognition performance. The findings suggest a substantial, and possibly causal, association between theory-of-mind development and resistance to suggestion, driven specifically by improvements in source monitoring.

Dev Psychol. 2008 Jul;44(4):1055-68. Bright-Paul A, Jarrold C, Wright DB. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. a.m.bright-paul@bristol.ac.uk

Following the administration of a Hungarian translation of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C), 104 Hungarian subjects completed the Hungarian translation of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI). Subjects had also been administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) about 1 week to 2 months before the SHSS:C. The pattern of correlations between hypnotizability (as measured by the HGSHS:A and the SHSS:C) and the 5 factors of the PCI was quite similar to that of previous work carried out using the English language versions on subjects in the United States. SHSS:C and HGSHS:A scores correlated significantly with the PCI factors of dissociated control, positive affect, and attention to internal processes factors. In addition, the SHSS:C score correlated significantly with the visual imagery factor, as found in previous work.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2001 Jan;49(1):19-29. Varga K, Józsa E, Bányai EI, Gösi-Greguss AC, Kumar VK. Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Budapest 64, Pf. 4. Izabella utca 46., H-1378 Hungary/Europe. vakata@izabell.elte.hu

There are few researches on the effects of music therapy on the recovery from exercise-induced fatigue worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of relaxing music on aerobic exercise-induced fatigue. The authors' hypothesis is that relaxing music can effectively eliminate aerobic exercise-induced fatigue. METHODS: Thirty healthy male college students were randomly assigned to either no-music group or music group. All the subjects maintained the pedal cadence of 50 revmin-1 on a cycle ergometer until fatigue. Then subjects in music group listened to relaxing music for 15 minutes, while subjects in no-music group had a 15-minute rest without music. Heart rates, jump height, blood glucose, blood lactic acid, urinary protein, simple reaction time and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined before and after the 15-minute treatment for each group. RESULTS: The results showed that heart rates, urinary protein and RPE decreased significantly after the application of relaxing music (P<0.01), and these decreases were greater than those without music. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that relaxing music has better effects on the rehabilitation of cardiovascular, central, musculoskeletal and psychological fatigue and the promotion of the regulatory capability of the kidneys.

J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008 Mar;48(1):102-6. Jing L, Xudong W. Department of Human Sports Science, Nanjing Institute of Physicial Education, Nanjing, Republic of China lijing197512@163.com.

A graduate of Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, Jerry holds a degree in education. He serves as Executive Director of the Florida Society of Professional Hypnotherapists.

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Anne H. Spencer, Ph.D. is the founder of the International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association®. It is an outgrowth of her state licensed hypnosis training school, Infinity Institute International, Inc. Dr. Spencer is an educator, author, radio and TV personality, an international speaker and Certified Hypnotherapist. She has been selected for inclusion in Who's Who of America and of the World.

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This paper reviews predictors of treatment response in open and controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We focus on demographic characteristics, aspects of OCD symptoms, comorbidity, family factors, cognitive influences, and treatment-specific characteristics as predictor variables. Although inconsistent findings characterize much of the literature, several relatively consistent and salient predictors have emerged, including symptom severity, symptom subtype, severe depression, the presence of comorbid personality disorders, family dysfunction, and the therapeutic alliance. Implications of findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Jan;28(1):118-30. Keeley ML, Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR. Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States.

Emmanuel Comte, Sonologist, is director of MedSon Center in Valcourt, QC, Canada. He is a researcher and teacher. Born in Paris (France) in 1959, studied recorder since the age of seven. After a cancer diagnosis on June 1977, Emmanuel Comte uses sounds to recover his health. Afterwards, he starts to search the harmonizing and healing power of sound. He composes healing music and gives workshops to make people sensitive to the power of sound. He also trains professional and therapists.

The goal of his teaching is to allow the improvement of your health and that of others, by using consciousness, sounds and therapeutic frequencies to transform your life.

For more information visit: www.Medson.net

Although there remains much to be learned, a great deal is now known about the neurophysiological processes involved in the experience of pain. Research confirms that there is no single focal "center" in the brain responsible for the experience of pain. Rather, pain is the end product of a number of integrated networks that involve activity at multiple cortical and subcortical sites. Our current knowledge about the neurophysiological mechanisms of pain has important implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypnotic analgesia treatments, as well as for improving clinical practice. This article is written for the clinician who uses hypnotic interventions for pain management. It begins with an overview of what is known about the neurophysiological basis of pain and hypnotic analgesia, and then discusses how clinicians can use this knowledge for (1) organizing the types of suggestions that can be used when providing hypnotic treatment, and (2) maximizing the efficacy of hypnotic interventions in clients presenting with pain problems.

Am J Clin Hypn. 2008 Oct;51(2):123-48. Jensen MP. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box 356490, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6490, USA. mjensen@u.washington.edu

Participants (N = 206) experienced 15-min of monotonous drumming either before or after hypnosis (Harvard scale). Participants completed the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI) in reference to the last 4-min of drumming. Stimulus order did not affect the objective trance levels as measured by the Harvard scores. The subjective trance level as measured by hypnoidal scores (predicted Harvard scores from the PCI) was significantly higher when drumming preceded hypnosis. Participants' estimated average trance level achieved during drumming fell in the medium range of susceptibility (5-8) (Pekala, 1995). Participants who achieved higher hypnoidal and Harvard scores were more likely to report relaxed feelings and shamanic-type experiences in narratives about their subjective experiences during drumming.

Am J Clin Hypn. 1997 Oct;40(2):130-45. Maurer RL Sr, Kumar VK, Woodside L, Pekala RJ. Department of Psychology, West Chester University, PA 19383, USA.

Anatomical and physiological understandings of the structure and function of the brain have worked to establish it as the "seat of the soul." As an organ of reflection, meditation, and memory, the brain becomes synonymous with what defines the "self" through the existence of consciousness--of mind. Thus, the brain has been associated with a range of transcendent concepts--the soul, spirit, mind, and consciousness--that all relate in fundamental ways to each other both in terms of their perceived location within the brain and because of the way each works ultimately to define the person to whom the brain belongs. In this article, the author provides a brief exploration of how interrelated these categories have been when seen in the context of ancient, Renaissance, early modern, and modern philosophical and medical concerns; how the brain has variously been perceived as home to these intimate states of being; and how practitioners from the neurosciences have reflected on these questions. The author provides novel insights into the interrelationships of philosophy, theology, and medicine by examining these issues through the lens of the history of neuroscience.

Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23(1):E2. Dolan B. University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. dolanb@dahsm.ucsf.edu

Given the current necessity of retaining qualified nurses, a self-care program consisting of Yoga, Tai Chi, Meditation classes, and Reiki healing sessions was designed for a university-based hospital. The effectiveness of these interventions was evaluated using self-care journals and analyzed using a Heideggerian phenomenological approach. Outcomes of the self-care classes described by nurses included: (a) noticing sensations of warmth, tingling, and pulsation which were relaxing, (b) becoming aware of an enhanced problem solving ability, and (c) noticing an increased ability to focus on patient needs. Hospitals willing to invest in self-care options for nurses can anticipate patient and work related benefits.

Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2007 Oct;28(10):1141-55. Raingruber B, Robinson C. University of California-Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Bonnie.raingruber@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu

For more than 2 decades, Tad has been totally dedicated to empowering people to discover and celebrate their inner magnificence using NLP, Time Line Therapy™ and Hypnosis. He is the author of 7 books and numerous audios and videos — all about empowering people to be the best they can possibly be, and to create what they want in life. He is the creator of the very powerful Time Line Therapy® techniques and trainings. He is an exciting, dynamic transformational seminar leader, speaking to thousands every year. Over that time, he has become a recognized and acknowledged leader in the dynamic field of accelerated human change and development.

For more information visit: www.NLPcoaching.com

by Debra Berndt, Dr. Ed Chavez, and Zoilita Grant

Hypnotic-Coaching ™ gives hypnosis the opportunity to join the fastest growing profession in human relations, coaching, with the extra advantage of hypnosis. Appealing to an entirely new client market, Hypnotic-Coaching ™ combines the skills of Life Coaching and self hypnosis training. Hypnotic-Coaches ™ work with self esteem and empowerment, life design, prosperity, sports, peak performance, teamwork, dating, sales, real-estate and much more. Utilizing techniques of classical hypnosis, Hypnotic-Coaching ™ focuses on the achievement of goals: Performance goals, Learning goals and Fulfillment goals.

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